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Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have evolved into flippers. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater. They spend about half of their lives on land and half in the oceans. Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Download When Black Birds Fly Cartoons And Tanning' title='Download When Black Birds Fly Cartoons And Tanning' />Several species are found in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galpagos penguin, lives near the equator. The largest living species is the emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri1 on average adults are about 1. The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin Eudyptula minor, also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 4. Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates see also. Bergmanns rule. Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human. These were not restricted to Antarctic regions on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region around 2,0. Etymology. The word penguin first appears in the 1. When European explorers discovered what are today known as penguins in the Southern Hemisphere, they noticed their similar appearance to the great auk of the Northern Hemisphere, and named them after this bird, although they are not closely related. The etymology of the word penguin is still debated. The English word is not apparently of French,2Breton4 or Spanish5 origin the latter two are attributed to the French word pingouin auk, but first appears in English or Dutch. Some dictionaries suggest a derivation from Welshpen, head and gwyn, white,6 including the Oxford English Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary,7 the Century Dictionary7 and Merriam Webster,8 on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk, either because it was found on White Head Island Welsh Pen Gwyn in Newfoundland, or because it had white circles around its eyes though the head was black. An alternative etymology links the word to Latinpinguis, which means fat or oil. Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin, fettgans or fat goose, and the related Dutch word vetgans. Systematics and evolution. Living species and recent extinctions. Adlie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae feeding young. Like its relatives, a neatly bi coloured species with a head marking. The number of extant penguin species is debated. Depending on which authority is followed, penguin biodiversity varies between 1. Spheniscinae. Some sources consider the white flippered penguin a separate Eudyptula species, while others treat it as a subspecies of the little penguin 1. Similarly, it is still unclear whether the royal penguin is merely a color morph of the macaroni penguin. The status of the rockhopper penguins is also unclear. Updated after Marples 1. Acosta Hospitaleche 2. Ksepka et al. 2. Subfamily Spheniscinae modern penguins. Aptenodytes great penguins. Pygoscelis brush tailed penguins. Eudyptula little penguins. Spheniscus banded penguins. Megadyptes. Eudyptes crested penguins. Fiordland penguin, Eudyptes pachyrynchus. Snares penguin, Eudyptes robustus. Erect crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri. Western rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome. Eastern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes filholi. Northern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi. Royal penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli disputedMacaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus. Chatham penguin, Eudyptes chathamensis extinctFossil genera. Order Sphenisciformes. Basal and unresolved taxa all fossil. Waimanu basal Middle Late PaleocenePerudyptes Middle Eocene of Atacama Desert, Peru basal Spheniscidae gen. CADIC P 2. 1 Leticia Middle Eocene of Punta Torcida, Argentina1. Delphinornis MiddleLate EoceneEarly Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1 Inkayacu Late Eocene of South AmericaArchaeospheniscus MiddleLate Eocene Late Oligocene PalaeeudyptinaeNew subfamily 2 Marambiornis Late Eocene Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1 Mesetaornis Late Eocene Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1 Tonniornis Late Eocene Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, AntarcticaWimanornis Late Eocene Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, AntarcticaDuntroonornis Late Oligocene of Otago, New Zealand possibly Spheniscinae. Korora Late Oligocene of S Canterbury, New ZealandKairuku Late Oligocene of E South Island, New ZealandPlatydyptes Late Oligocene of New Zealand possibly not monophyletic Palaeeudyptinae, Paraptenodytinae or new subfamily1. Spheniscidae gen. Late OligoceneEarly Miocene of Hakataramea, New Zealand1. Madrynornis Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Argentina possibly Spheniscinae. Pseudaptenodytes Late MioceneEarly PlioceneDege Early Pliocene of South Africa possibly Spheniscinae. Marplesornis Early Pliocene possibly Spheniscinae. Nucleornis Early Pliocene of Duinfontain, South Africa possibly Spheniscinae. Tereingaornis Middle Pliocene of New ZealandInguza Late Pliocene probably Spheniscinae formerly Spheniscus predemersus. Palaeoapterodytes Late OligoceneEarly Miocene of Argentina. A reconstruction of the ancient penguin Icadyptes. The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae, however reexamination of the holotype in 1. The Land Before Time XI: Invasion Of The Tinysauruses Free Online. Accipitridae. 1. 9 Further examination in 1. Aves incertae sedis. Taxonomy. Some recent sources1. Spheniscidae to what here is referred to as Spheniscinae. Furthermore, they restrict the phylogenetic taxon Sphenisciformes to flightless taxa, and establish the phylogenetic taxon Pansphenisciformes as equivalent to the Linnean taxon Sphenisciformes,1. Given that neither the relationships of the penguin subfamilies to each other nor the placement of the penguins in the avian phylogeny is presently resolved, this is confusing, so the established Linnean system is followed here. Evolution. The evolutionary history of penguins is well researched and represents a showcase of evolutionary biogeography though as penguin bones of any one species vary much in size and few good specimens are known, the alpha taxonomy of many prehistoric forms still leaves much to be desired. Some seminal articles about penguin prehistory have been published since 2. The basal penguins lived around the time of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event somewhere in the general area of southern New Zealand and Byrd Land, Antarctica. Due to plate tectonics, these areas were at that time less than 1,5. The most recent common ancestor of penguins and their sister clade can be roughly dated to the CampanianMaastrichtian boundary, around 7. What can be said as certainly as possible in the absence of direct i. Cretaceous, the penguin lineage must have been evolutionarily well distinct, though much less so morphologically it is fairly likely that they were not yet entirely flightless at that time, as flightless birds have generally low resilience to the breakdown of trophic webs that follows the initial phase of mass extinctions because of their below average dispersal capabilities see also. Flightless cormorant. Basal fossils. The oldest known fossil penguin species is Waimanu manneringi, which lived in the early Paleocene epoch of New Zealand, or about 6.